ABSTRACT
Objective: To find out the incidence and associations ofbronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm neonates.Design: Descriptive cohort.Methods: All consecutively born neonates <33 weeks gestationrequiring oxygen or respiratory support during first 3 days of lifewere enrolled from a level III neonatal unit in Chandigarh, India.Those with malformations were excluded. Placenta wasexamined for histological chorioamnionitis in preterm rupture ofmembranes and/or preterm spontaneous onset of labour. SerumMalondialdehyde (MDA) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) andCatalase levels were estimated on day 3 of life. All recruitedneonates were followed up till discharge or death.Results: Out of 250 neonates enrolled, 170 (68%) survived tillday 28 and BPD developed in 19 (11.2%) infants. The meangestation and birth weight were significantly lower in infants whodeveloped BPD. Chorioamnionitis (clinical 5.3% vs 1.9%,P=0.375; and histological 37.5% vs 16.7%, P<0.001), patentductus arteriosus (PDA) (52.6% vs 8.9%, P<0.001), median (IQR)sepsis episodes [2 (2,3) vs 1 (1,2), P<0.001], invasive ventilation(84.2% vs 11.3%, P<0.001), and duration of ventilation [56 (4) d vs4 (5) d, P=0.001] were significantly higher in infants with BPD.Serum MDA, SOD and Catalase levels were comparable betweenthe two groups.Conclusion: Chorioamnionitis, PDA and sepsis were significantlyassociated with BPD.
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Background & objectives: Gamma H2AX, a marker of DNA double stranded breaks (DSB) has been found to be over expressed in various tumours. The objective of the present work was to study the expression of γH2AX in infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) and fibroadenoma (FA) cases and to associate the expression in IDC with cytomorphological features and DNA ploidy. Methods: The expression of γH2AX was studied in fine needle aspirates of 16 cases of IDC and 15 FA cases. The expression in IDC was correlated with the cytological grade, apoptotic (AI) and mitotic indices (MI) and ploidy status. Results: A high γH2AX expression was noted in IDC as compared to FA. Amongst the IDC cases the γH2AX was found to be significantly over expressed in DNA diploid IDC cases as compared to the aneuploid ones. Interpretation & conclusions: The study suggests a role of γH2AX in breast carcinogenesis which needs to be explored further. Moreover, the γH2AX expression together with ploidy status may serve as a means of assigning the patients of IDC to a better prognostic category irrespective of the cytomorphogical parameters.
ABSTRACT
The mediastinum harbors a mixed bag of tumors, which may create significant diagnostic dilemmas. These tumors have widely variable therapeutic and prognostic implications. Correct pre-operative cytological diagnosis may obviate the need of surgical excision of many of these lesions. A stepwise algorithmic approach such as clinical history, radiological localization, salient cytomorphology and ancillary test helps in correct diagnosis of these tumors. This paper discusses the stepwise diagnostic algorithm for fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosis of mediastinal tumors.
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A 30 year old nulligravidfemale attended gynaecological OPD for investigation of primary infertility. Local examination revealed presence of a dark pigmented area in the posterior lip of the cervix. The biopsy from cervix showed, squamous metaplasia of the lining epithelium with presence of granules of melanin pigment in the basal layer. Schmorl's stain for melanin and immunohistochemical staining for S-100 and HMB-45 showed strong positivity in these cells. Melanosis of the uterine cervix is usually an incidental finding in females with uterine prolapse in their fifth and sixth decade. The origin of melanin containing cells in the uterine cervix is debatable till date. Amongst the various possibilities for the origin of these cells in the uterine cervix, neural origin is probably more acceptable than epithelial cell origin. The combined expression of melanocytic and Schwanian markers in the index case, suggest a biphasic differentiation of melanin containing cells in the uterine cervix. Although the exact histogenesis and clinical significance of these are still unknown, a long term follow-up is needed to study the nature of these lesions to look for any precursor lesion for development of malignant melanoma.
Subject(s)
Adult , Cervix Uteri/cytology , Female , Humans , Melanins/metabolism , Melanocytes/cytology , Melanosis/metabolism , S100 Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
Artificial neural network (ANN) is the unique system, which simulates human brain in many respects and there is high hope that it may achieve higher mental functions. In this brief review we have discussed the basic mechanism of artificial neural network along with its application in the field of pathology.